The Calabi Problem is a formidable problem in the confluence of differential and algebraic geometry. It asks which compact complex manifolds admit a Kahler-Einstein metric. A necessary condition for the existence of such a metric is that the canonical class of the manifold has a definite sign. For manifolds with zero or positive canonical class, the Calabi problem was solved by Yau and Aubin/Yau in the 1970s. They confirmed Calabi's prediction, showing that these manifolds always admit a Kahler-Einstein metric. On the other hand, for projective manifolds with negative canonical class, called ''Fano manifolds'', the problem is much more subtle: Fano manifolds may or may not admit a Kahler-Einstein metric. The Calabi problem for Fano manifolds has attracted much attention in the last decades, resulting in the famous Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture. The conjecture, which is now a theorem, states that a Fano manifold admits a Kahler-Einstein metric if and only if it satisfies a sophisticated algebro-geometric condition, called ''K-polystability''. In the last few years, tools from birational geometry have been used with great success to investigate K-polystability. In this talk, I will present an overview of the Calabi problem, the recent connections with birational geometry, and the current state of the art in dimension 3.

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